Theodore Roosevelt History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1495 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Theodore Roosevelt Essay Did you like this example? Theodore Roosevelt acquired a domain really taking shape when he accepted office in 1901. After the Spanish-American War in 1898, Spain surrendered the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States. Furthermore, the United States built up a protectorate over Cuba and added Hawaii. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theodore Roosevelt: History" essay for you Create order Without precedent for its history, the United States had obtained an abroad domain. As President, Roosevelt needed to expand the impact and notoriety of the United States on the world stage and make the nation a worldwide power. He additionally trusted that the exportation of American qualities and standards would ennoblingly affect the world. Theodore Roosevelts strategic proverb was to talk delicately and convey a major stick, and he kept up that a CEO must will utilize compel when fundamental while honing the craft of influence. He along these lines tried to collect an intense and dependable barrier for the United States to keep away from clashes with adversaries who may go after shortcoming. Roosevelt took after McKinley in completion the relative nonintervention that had ruled the nation since the mid-1800s, acting forcefully in remote undertakings, frequently without the help or assent of Congress. Philippines One of the circumstances that Roosevelt acquired after taking office was administration of the Philippines, an island country in Asia. Amid the Spanish-American War, the United States had taken control of the archipelago from Spain. At the point when Roosevelt named William Howard Taft as the primary non military personnel legislative leader of the islands in 1901, Taft prescribed the making of a common government with a chose authoritative get together. The Taft organization could consult with Congress for a bill that incorporated a senator general, an autonomous legal, and the administrative get together. Panama Canal The most awesome of Roosevelts outside approach activities was the foundation of the Panama Canal. For a considerable length of time, U.S. maritime pioneers had longed for building an entry between the Atlantic and Pacific seas through Central America. Amid the war with Spain, American ships in the Pacific needed to steam around the tip of South America in two-month voyages to join the U.S. armada off the shoreline of Cuba. In 1901, the United States consulted with Britain for the help of an American-controlled waterway that would be developed either in Nicaragua or through a piece of landPanamapossessed by Colombia. In a twist of shut entryway moves, the Senate endorsed a course through Panama, dependent upon Colombian endorsement. At the point when Colombia shied away from the terms of the understanding, the United States bolstered a Panamanian transformation with cash and a maritime bar, the last of which kept Colombian troops from arriving in Panama. In 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varill a Treaty with Panama gave the United States unending control of the waterway at a cost of $10 million and a yearly installment of $250,000. When he visited Panama in 1906 to watch the working of the waterway, Roosevelt turned into the principal U.S. President to leave the nation amid his term of office. He needed to see the exhibition, which ended up known as one of the worlds most noteworthy designing accomplishments. Almost 30,000 specialists toiled ten-hour days for a long time to fabricate the $400-million channel, amid which time American authorities could check the scourge of Yellow Fever that had desolated expansive quantities of trench laborers. The Panama Canal was at long last finished in 1914; by 1925, in excess of 5,000 shipper ships had crossed the forty miles of locks every year. Once operational, it abbreviated the voyage from San Francisco to New York by in excess of 8,000 miles. The way toward building the trench created propels in U.S. innovation and designing abilities. This undertaking additionally changed over the Panama Canal Zone into a noteworthy arranging region for American military powers, maki ng the United States the prevailing military power in Central America. Roosevelt Corollary Latin America expended a considerable lot of Roosevelts opportunity and vitality amid his first term as President. Venezuela turned into a focal point of his consideration in 1902 when Germany and Britain sent boats to barricade that nations coastline. The European countries had offered advances to Venezuela that the Venezuelan tyrant declined to reimburse. Albeit both Germany and Britain guaranteed the Americans that they didnt have any regional outlines on Venezuela, Roosevelt felt wronged by their activities and requested that they consent to mediation to determine the debate. Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic) additionally experienced issues with European nations. Once more, European financial specialists had spoke to their legislatures to gather cash from an obligation ridden country Latin American country. After the Dominican government spoke to the United States, Roosevelt requested an American gatherer to accept control of the traditions houses and gather obligations to maintain a strategic distance from conceivable European military activity. Amid the Santo Domingo emergency, Roosevelt planned what ended up known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine, issued in 1823, expressed that the United States would not acknowledge European intercession in the Americas. Roosevelt understood that if countries in the Western Hemisphere kept on having unending issues, for example, the powerlessness to reimburse remote obligation, they would move toward becoming focuses of European creation. To acquire such activity and to keep up local soundness, the President drafted his end product: the United States would intercede in any Latin American nation that showed genuine financial issues. The culmination declared that the United States would fill in as the policeman of the Western Hemisphere, a strategy which in the long run made much hatred in Latin America. Peacemaker In spite of the fact that regularly perceived for the forcefulness of his outside strategy, Roosevelt was likewise a peacemaker. His best exertion at conveying aggressive forces to the arranging table included an emergency that had broken out in East Asia. Battling had emitted amongst Russia and Japan in 1904, after Japans assault on the Russian armada at Port Arthur. As the Russo-Japanese War seethed on with numerous Japanese triumphs, Roosevelt moved toward the two countries about intervening peace transactions. The President yearned for a world in which nations would swing to discretion rather than war to settle universal question, and he offered his administrations to this end. Despite the fact that Russia and Japan at first declined his offer, they in the end acknowledged his great workplaces to help arrange a peace, meeting with Roosevelt in 1905 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. For his part as go between, Roosevelt won the Nobel Prize for Peace, the principal U.S. President to do as such. Roosevelt likewise refereed a debate amongst France and Germany over the division of Morocco. England had perceived French control over Morocco as an end-result of French acknowledgment of British control in Egypt. Germany felt prohibited by this assention and tested Frances part in Morocco. Despite the fact that the French had a powerless claim to Morocco, the United States couldnt dismiss it without dismissing Britains claim too. The settlement in 1906 came to at Algeciras, Spain, concealed any hint of failure look for Germany yet gave France undisputed control over Morocco; it likewise made ready for British control over Egypt. A few students of history believe that Roosevelts intercession in these two problem areas deflected battling that may have overwhelmed all of Europe and Asia in a world war. Regardless, Roosevelts activities enormously fortified Anglo-French ties with the United States. Awesome White Fleet Roosevelt trusted that an expansive and intense Navy was a basic segment of national barrier since it filled in as a solid impediment to Americas adversaries. Amid his residency as President, he manufactured the U.S. Naval force into one of the biggest on the planet, by persuading Congress to add ships to the armada and expanding its number of enrolled men. In 1907, he proposed sending the armada out on a world visit. His reasons were many: to flaunt the Incomparable White Fleet and inspire different nations around the globe with U.S. maritime power; to enable the Navy to pick up the experience of overall travel; and to find residential help for his maritime program. In December 1907, an armada of sixteen war vessels left Hampton Roads, Virginia, and went the world over, returning home fourteen months after the fact in February 1909. At the point when Roosevelt succeeded McKinley as president, he actualized a key procedure for building an American domain: the danger, as opposed to the through and through use, of military power. McKinley had connected with the U.S. military in a few effective engagements and afterward utilized the nations better modern power than arrange advantageous remote exchange assentions. Roosevelt, with his huge stick approach, could keep the United States out of military clashes by utilizing the true blue danger of power. In any case, as arrangements with Japan represented, the support of a realm was full of multifaceted nature. Evolving unions, moving monetary needs, and power governmental issues all implied that the United States would need to tread painstakingly to keep up its status as a politically influential nation.

Immigration And Customs Enforcement Officer And A Relative...

Findings and Analysis In my findings and analysis I will have the opportunity to answer the research question, I interview a Immigration and Customs Enforcement Officer and a relative who experienced staying at different detention centers in Texas for six months before she was deported to El Salvador. Before I started with the interviews I let them know about my research question and then I followed up with interrogations and thoughts, details and opinions. The first interview I conducted was with the ICE officer; Mr. Fields believes that to build a wall at the border will not solve any immigration problems. He believes only criminals should be detain and deported. He said when they arrest people that do not have a criminal record they let them go, if they arrest them in the United States, when they arrest people at the borders they investigate them and most of them are looking for asylum. He said every case is different; the judge approves some cases when they go to their court hear ing. Other detainees get a bail and if they cannot pay the bail they get deported. He strongly believes there are good people and bad people and he shared that he grew up in East LA. I questioned him about his thoughts or opinions regarding the law SB 1070 in Arizona and he said those laws do not apply here, it would be hard to comment on them and he would keep it personal. He believes undocumented immigrants or aliens like he called them are not deviant, he believed they are normal people.Show MoreRelatedA Research Project On Immigration Detention Centers9708 Words   |  39 Pages Immigration Detention Centers, A Haven of Abuse A Research Project Submitted to the Faculty of National University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of: Bachelor of Science in Homeland Security and Emergency Management May 2017 By Hugh H. Scully II Instructor: James Sytsma â€Æ' SENIOR RESEARCH PROJECT APPROVAL FORM I certify that I have read the project of Hugh H. Scully II entitled instructions for the preparation of the Senior Research Project and that, in my opinion;

Developing a strategic framework efficient - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Developing a strategic framework efficient. Answer: Introduction: The textile, footwear and clothing manufacturing industry are a diverse one and it produces a wide range of products including various clothing, footwear, ready for use textiles and many other technical textiles. This industry is a major industry in the country and it has significant contribution to the revenue and national income. Most importantly, this industry also makes social benefit as it provides huge employment to the national population both in the organized and unorganized sectors. For last few decades, this industry is having unskilled and semi-skilled labors which indicate to the lack of competition in the manufacturing industry (Purce, 2014). As a result to that, the options of the footwear, textiles and clothing are decreasing to a great extent. However, along with rising globalization and emerging customer awareness, it has been vital that the industry employ skilled labors so that they can offer diverse choice of products to the customers. There are numbers of externa l and internal factors that are affecting the recruitment procedure. Along with that there are some apparent challenges in the sector which makes human resource management more difficult (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). Therefore, this report will trigger the potential challenges for human resource planning for this industry and plan the strategies to overcome the situation. This report will be made on the basis of renowned footwear and clothing brand, Nike. Key challenges for HR Planning in the sector: Labor supply and demand Australian footwear industry has recently faced a rough environment for operation over the past few years. A major reduction in tariff and a huge import penetration have changed the structure of the industry in a significant way. The supply and demand of labors are a major challenge for this industry as skilled labors are very much necessary for increasing variety of the products. The existing macroeconomic factors and conditions tend to affect the labor supply and demand of this industry to a great extent. With the increasing import of footwear and textiles, the manufacturers have reduced the production in the country to a great extent, which eventually reduced the demand of labors to a great extent. Adequate supply of labors for meeting the business goals and objectives mostly come from the outside sources (Marques et al., 2016). It is important to forecast the demand of the industry as it is more difficult than forecasting the supply of labors. In this industry, the compensation i ncluding the benefits and wages has made a strong difference for decreasing the demand and supply of labors. Continuous competition, economic weakness of the industry and globalization has indicated that this industry is not being able supporting a comfortable living for the labor and working class (Wu Lin, 2013). Therefore it affects the capability of the organizations to attract the skilled labors. Aging workforce Aging workforce is one of the most complicated yet rewarding issues in the footwear manufacturing industry in Australia. In most of the cases the matured workforce has projected their careers to end, but there are added concerns with these workforces such as instable pension facilities and current erratic economy. Statistics indicate that a huge section of the workforce is over the age of fifty in the industry. Adewole (2015) has also indicated that in the manufacturing industry, aged workforce is even quite rare. Therefore planning the succession rate can be difficult. It is highly possible that at one point the organization will discover that retaining the old workforce is more profitable that giving up on them. These employees have experience for a long time and they have gained enough knowledge through these years. Therefore the organization can utilize these values by counterbalancing the senior workforce. However, retaining aged employees can also create issues for the organiza tion, while the company will have to take care of their safety and health plan. The health plan can increase the annual medical costs of the company to a great extent, especially for the manufacturing industry (Hohenstein, Feisel Hartmann, 2014). Therefore developing an in-detail medical plan and wellness program for all the employees can be quite difficult. However the HR personnel should also take care of the employment and age discrimination laws before making any kind of accommodation for the employees as well. Diversity Diverse workforce is beneficial and difficult to handle at the same time. Managing a diverse workforce becomes more difficult as the most important thing here is to acknowledge the differences amongst employees. It not only involves identifying he differences and valuing them, but also combating the discriminatory attitude and promoting the inclusiveness. The management is mostly challenged with loss of labors which lead to less productivity within the organization. Moreover, this situation can also lead this to negative attitude within the organizational atmosphere and legal actions and complains against the company. The negative behaviors and attitudes can be a huge barrier for having a diverse workforce as it can be very much harmful for the professional relationship and eventually it can damage the work productivity and morale of the employees (Van Wingerden, Derks Bakker, 2017). In addition to that, the negative behaviors also include stereotyping and discriminating the employe es. However these should never be a part of the management regarding the retention, hiring and termination procedure. Therefore these can drive a lot of employees away from the organization along with creating a bad image of the organization in the market. Mostly, managing diverse culture depends on the capability of managers and emphasizing on the workplace dynamics and teamwork (Adewole, 2015). In the footwear, textile and clothing industry, the labors come from various backgrounds; therefore managing the diverse workforce becomes a significant challenge. Recruitment Strategies: In order to manage the major challenges in this industry, Nike has incorporated some recruitment and retention strategies which help them to deal with the adverse situations. Internal and external sourcing This is a major strategy for dealing with the potential human resource management challenges. The internal labor markets can be helpful in this issue, as in the internal labor market, the labors are hired at the entry level and the higher positions are filled with the internal employees. Therefore the wages can be determined on an internal basis and it can be free from the market pressure. On the other hand in the external labor market, the workers tend to move between different organizations and their remuneration is decided on the basis of aggregate processing and the organization does not really have any major discretion over the wage system (Mitchell, Obeidat Bray, 2013). In this term, Nike applies sourcing the labors from the internal labor market so that they can value the internal promotion and utilize the experience of older employees. However the external labor market exists and it significantly affects the hiring procedure and wage setting. Therefore Nike approves of the i nternal sourcing as it is more reliable procedure and it gives the organization a considerable control over the employees. Employer branding Branding of employer is quite important for retaining employees in the organization. It is a procedure for promoting the particular organization so that the employer can target the desired group of employees. This procedure has helped Nike to recruit and retain the employees along with attracting more people to the organization. The brand of the employer is the identity for the company for an employer of choice (Turker Altuntas, 2014). With the effective brand promotion of Nike, the company can be successful for attracting both the existing and future employees. As a brand Nike has a credible, true, distinctive and relevant identity that has been achieved through years. Therefore, branding the company is an effective way to deal with labor supply and demand. Training and development The training of employees should always be job specific, other than the generalized safety code or the code of conduct. The more the employee has the knowledge regarding manufacturing, the more productive he or she is. Any management system all around the world attributes the training and development program for high tier tasks, letting people to do more duties when there is a shortage of employees. Training the employees on ethics and safety will also decrease downtime while the internal conflicts or injuries prevent the staff members from focusing on the urgent tasks (Reyes et al., 2017). Nike conducts continuous training and development for both the senior and entry level workers. Training and development procedures are not only significant for enhancing the productivity of labors, but it also helps the organization to deal with diverse culture. Incentive program The incentive program can be any materialistic or non-materialistic thing, starting from a contest or empowering the employees more. The employees are most likely to respond to the additional rewards or to put more efforts for winning any prize or gifts. Other than spending more for getting more productivity from the employees, the organization can evaluate the possibilities of encouraging greater autonomy within employees. Fundamentally micro management does not only improve the productivity as the employees stress increases if there is more pressure of work on one shoulder (Hohenstein, Feisel Hartmann, 2014). However, with the help of close monitoring and modernization or new implementations in training program, monitoring can be helpful for determining whether the implementations are working or not. The managers also listens to the staff feedback from all operational level in order to make them feel that they are also a part of the entire procedure and implement the most valuable ones. Conclusion and Recommendation: Creating employment opportunities is significant for any industry, especially in the manufacturing industry. The textile, clothing and footwear industry is creating ample numbers of employment opportunities since customers paying more for quality footwear. Also, there are now increasing opportunities of exporting and increasing domestic market with the emerging population in the country. With the emergence of opportunities the nature of work and jobs are changing and it has also led to the added approaches. Within the manufacturing industry, there are several human resource management issues which have created barriers for the company, Nike. However with the development of accurate recruitment strategies and planning, the company has been able to overcome some of the issues. This report has discussed those issues in details and triggered the potential recruitment strategies that help the company to deal with the human resource management challenges. Reference list Abrunhosa, A., Sa, P. M. E. (2012). Are TQM principles supporting innovation in the Portuguese footwear industry?.Technovation,28(4), 208-221. Adewole, A. (2015). Developing a strategic framework for efficient and effective optimisation of information in the supply chains of the UK clothing manufacture industry.Supply chain management: An international Journal,10(5), 357-366. Brewster, C., Hegewisch, A. (Eds.). (2017).Policy and Practice in European Human Resource Management: The Price Waterhouse Cranfield Survey. Taylor Francis. Costa, G., Camuffo, A. (2014). The evolution of human resource management in Italy: A historical-institutional perspective.The Development of Human Resource Management Across Nations: Unity and Diversity, 269. Craik, J., 2015. Challenges for Australian fashion.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management,19(1), pp.56-68. Dubey, R., Singh, T., Samar Ali, S., Venkatesh, V. G., K. Gupta, O. (2014). Exploring dimensions of firm competencies and their impact on performance: Some exploratory empirical results.Benchmarking: An International Journal,21(6), 1003-1022. Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014).Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Hohenstein, N. O., Feisel, E., Hartmann, E. (2014). Human resource management issues in supply chain management research: a systematic literature review from 1998 to 2014.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,44(6), 434-463. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R., Kynighou, A. (2016).Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Marks, A., 2015. Dimensions of textile, clothing and footwear production in the high wage cost country of Australia in a globalised environment: some interesting revelations.Research in World Economy,6(2), p.72. Marques, C. S., Leal, C., Marques, C. P., Cardoso, A. R. (2016). Strategic knowledge management, innovation and performance: a qualitative study of the footwear industry.Journal of the Knowledge Economy,7(3), 659-675. Mitchell, R., Obeidat, S., Bray, M. (2013). The Effect of Strategic Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of High?Performance Human Resource Practices.Human Resource Management,52(6), 899-921. Nike. (2017). Nike. Retrieved 14 December 2017, from https://www.nike.com Nossar, I., Johnstone, R., Macklin, A., Rawling, M. (2015). Protective legal regulation for home-based workers in Australian textile, clothing and footwear supply chains.Journal of Industrial Relations,57(4), 585-603. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Reyes, J., Alds, D., Salazar, E., Armendriz, E., lvarez, K., Nez, J., Garca, M. (2017, June). Finite Progressive Planning for the Assembly Process in Footwear. InIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering(Vol. 212, No. 1, p. 012020). IOP Publishing. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Turker, D., Altuntas, C. (2014). Sustainable supply chain management in the fast fashion industry: An analysis of corporate reports.European Management Journal,32(5), 837-849. Urtasun-Alonso, A., Larraza-Kintana, M., Garca-Olaverri, C., Huerta-Arribas, E. (2014). Manufacturing flexibility and advanced human resource management practices.Production Planning Control,25(4), 303-317. Van Wingerden, J., Derks, D., Bakker, A. B. (2017). The impact of personal resources and job crafting interventions on work engagement and performance.Human Resource Management,56(1), 51-67. Wu, I. L., Lin, H. C. (2013). A strategy?based process for implementing knowledge management: An integrative view and empirical study.Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,60(4), 789-802.

Towards a Critical Evaluation of Ethics Social Responsibility in Advertising

Introduction Today, more than ever before, advertising practitioners face ethical and social responsibility concerns that are common to all professionals, but they also stumble upon issues related to factors unique to the advertising industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Towards a Critical Evaluation of Ethics Social Responsibility in Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite some academic and popular debate of ethics and social responsibility challenges in advertising, ranging from their sweeping social ramifications to consumer insights of potentially distasteful advertisements, new and more complex challenges continue to present, in part, due to convergence of technology and today’s fractionalized media market place (Drumwright Murphy, 2004 p. 7). The challenges are further propelled by the fact that advertisements, in their most comprehensive nature, reach deeply into our most fundamen tal concerns, predominantly in as far as our interpersonal and family relationships, influence on target audiences, the desertion of cultural traditions, and the role of advertisement in society are concerned (Leiss et al., 1990 p. 1). Using a case study approach and comprehensive review of relevant literature, this paper will seek to illuminate the role advertisement plays in society. In particular, the paper will focus attention to ethics and social responsibility issues in advertisement, and how these issues affect or influences the role advertisement plays in the social setting. Additionally, the paper will seek to explicate some basic economic assumptions and how they can be violated by ethical and social responsibility concerns in advertising. It should be noted at this early juncture that the present paper will largely depend on personal opinions articulately backed by current literature on the above mentioned topics. A quick review of the case study demonstrates that the com plainant was objecting to an advertisement perceived to be phonographic and offending to children and other road users. According to his assessment, the picture of the naked woman in the advertisement was not only unlawful according to Australian advertising standards as set out by the relevant bodies, but was also causing distraction to other road users. The complainant, in my view, was largely relying on code 2.3 administered by the Advertising Standards Bureau (ASB), and which states that â€Å"†¦advertising or marketing communications shall treat sex, sexuality and nudity with sensitivity to the relevant audience and, where appropriate, the relevant programme time zone† (AANA, n.d.).Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The following section will largely rely on the advertiser’s response to bring into light critical issues that are relevant to this discussion. Ethi cs, Social Responsibility and the Role Advertisement Plays in Society In any part of the world, ethical and social responsibility issues are considered as mainstream topics in the advertising literature, in part, due to the self-regulating nature of the industry and the influence that advertisements have on consumers (Drumwright Murphy, 2004 p. 7). Indeed, ethics and social responsibility overall are immensely broad topics, but here they will be considered within the context of how they affect and influence the role advertisement plays in society, not mentioning that they will be compared along the continuum of the case study. Advertising ethics is basically concerned with â€Å"what is right or good in the conduct of the advertising function† (Drumwright Murphy, 2004 p. 7). In a broader sense, it concerns itself with questions relating to what ought to be done within the advertising framework, not just with what must be done to comply with any legal obligation. On its part , social responsibility has over the years emerged as a leading theme guiding the management and communication practice, especially after the recognition by practitioners that it is a valid and essential business tool that conveys concrete and superficial benefits for organizational and social outcomes. In a holistic orientation, social responsibility can be defined as an organization’s social commitments that go outside the scope of the organization and obligations set by the law, to advance a social cause (Kerr et al., 2008 p. 155). Both ethics and social responsibility are central to the advertising practice. However, ethical and social responsibility principles, in my view, are not laws or regulations in the same sense that legal restraints are; on the contrary, these principles are neither uniformly nor officially approved by all members of society, nor can the violators of ethical and social responsibility principles be sanctioned or chastised as by the law.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Towards a Critical Evaluation of Ethics Social Responsibility in Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This challenge is further compounded by the fact that the advertising industry in many countries is self-regulated, implying that advertisers are jointly responsible for upholding advertising standards, codes and practices that ostensibly curtail harm to consumers and, by extension, society (Study Guide, p. 38). This exposition of facts lead to the conclusion that advertisers must at all times choose, on their own volition, to work within acceptable moral standards to avoid violating the consumers and, to a large extent, the society’s basic economic assumptions. When this is achieved, as Preston (2010) postulates, advertising intrinsically generates the potential to ensure consumer success and satisfaction in the market place (p. 259). From the case report, it is evidently cl ear that the board, in making its ruling, relied on the fact that the image used in the advertisement was consistent with the beauty industry. In other words, the image used in the advertisement is both industry and market specific. Pollay (1988) asserts that â€Å"†¦consumers and campaigns have often been researched carefully to identify perceptions, motivations and values of the audience. Advertisements are then designed to strike an emphatic note and deployed with increased media effectiveness† (p. 7). As demonstrated in the case report as well as this particular author, advertisements therefore influence public awareness, perceptions, expectations, attitudes, feelings, societal values, preferences and behaviour. In consequence, advertisements that are in taste with the product, service or industry being advertised, in my view, will always impact the society positively in as far as they are done in an ethical manner. A Ministry of Health advertisement, for example, ma y offer useful insights on how HIV/AIDS is transmitted, thus providing a conducive environment for the population to change their perceptions, attitudes and behaviour. As such, advertisements, in my view, act to disseminate information within the social context, not mentioning the fact that they act as knowledge conduits. Another strong point submitted by the advertiser in the case study is that of relevancy of the image to the advertisement.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While arguing their case for a three-tired framework for evaluating ethical considerations, Johnson and Scholes (1997) are of the opinion that the first tier of the framework – the macro level – should be largely concerned with considering the relative virtues of diverse socio-political structures, such as the free enterprise economies, and the objectives which profit-making organizations and, by extension, advertisement practitioners are expected to fulfil (p. 207). This assertion offers credence to the advertisement by virtue of the product being advertised (Naked Tan), the scope of the business in question and, finally, the purpose which the advertisement is expected to fulfil in a predominantly free enterprise economy. In consequence, it can be argued that advertisements, depicted along the continuum of the macro level of the three-tier framework, serves societal interests by not only lowering prices through sharing relevant information with the target audience, bu t also by stimulating product or service innovation. To achieve desirable outcomes, however, such advertisements must always adhere to ethical considerations and the plight of not only the target audiences, but also the greatest number of people in line with the utilitarian approach. Preston (2010) is of the opinion that â€Å"†¦while the law, as an external force, is the same for everyone in commerce, ethics is within each person’s mind, and so reflects individual and perhaps unique decisions† (p. 260). This assertion, in my view, can be effectively used to explain the discomfort felt by the complainant towards the image appearing on the advertisement in the case study. In line with the above assertion, there exist a wide body of literature demonstrating that ethical principles are cultural specific, and that different cultures have different ethical standards. Advertisement communication is also industry and product dependent (Study Guide, p. 24, 42). The unique ness of advertising along the spectrum of culture, industry, and product variables, in my view, is beneficial to the society since it does not only allow enhanced economies of scale by virtue of the fact that what may appeal to one segment may not necessarily appeal to another target audience, but it also assist in mass distribution of product information among various target audiences. The practice of advertising, as is the case in other disciplines, has its own negative effects. First, advertisements have been accused for projecting a biased position on products and services by creating needs and wants that only serve to drain scarce resources, thus demonstrating a negative economic underpinning to the society. In what is now commonly referred to as the Galbraith’s theory, John Kenneth Galbraith postulated that organizations â€Å"†¦do not use advertising to inform us about products that might sate our independently determined desires. Rather, the function of advertis ing and marketing is to bring into being wants that previously did not exist† (Potter, 2006 p. 2). This observation, in my view, is valid to the extent that advertisements are capable of creating a dependence effect especially in the case of minors who may be incapable of making decisions from an informed point of view. It is also worth noting that the superficial creation of wants that previously did not exist only serves to entrench the culture of consumerism among the target audiences, in the process benefiting advertisers by virtue of having a ready market for products and services, while seriously draining scarce financial and material resources at the societal level. Second, the practice of advertising has been accused for encouraging deception, more so in cases where the target audiences are incapable of making their own informed decisions. It is imperative to note that the culture of deception demonstrates unethical behaviour and is, in its own right, socially irrespon sible. Although children have over the last couple of years being receiving unprecedented level of attention from advertising practitioners and marketers, and that they are no longer viewed as adults-in-waiting but as rational agents in their own right (O’Sullivan, 2005 p. 371), chances are that they are likely to fall victim to unethical practitioners by virtue of the fact that their cognitive capacities may not be fully developed to a point of making decisions from an informed perspective. Some advertisers, as noted by this particular author, continue to use commercial free speech and the self-regulating nature of the advertising industry to entrap children to some unnecessary wants that may, in the long-term, be detrimental to their health. Such advertisements, in my view, have obvious social ramifications in terms of increased heath care costs, early childhood mortality, and the dependence syndrome. This observation can be validated in the case study where the complainant observes that the advertisement is counterproductive to children. Third, the lack of universal set of ethical and social responsibility principles continue to present challenges within the advertising industry (Study Guide, p. 40). This observation is reinforced in the case study by the fact that the complainant found the image in the advertisement offending, while others, including the ASB and the advertiser, found it to be within acceptable ethical limits. What’s more, advertisers themselves often fail to recognize in the first instance that there exists an ethical dilemma in what they display to the public gallery in the form of advertisements (Study Guide, p. 40, 45). These assertions, in my view, are valid to the extent that society continue to be bombarded by advertisements that in most occasions have a negative bearing on what is ‘right’ or what is ‘good’ in terms of advertising ethics. It is indeed true that some advertisements as portrayed by various mediums of communications only serve to tear down the moral fabric using the misplaced excuse of lack of universal set of ethical standards. This, in social responsibility terms, is both individually and collectively wrong. Academics and advertising practitioners have over the years discovered a close correlation between advertising and economics. In this sphere of knowledge, opinions are once again divided among those who view advertising as a positive force in as far as the economic benefits discussed herein are concerned, and those who view it as a negative force in as far as the economic and social consequences, also discussed in this essay, are concerned. Pro-advertising advocates argues that advertising contributes to, among other things, higher standards of living, enhanced customer satisfaction, enhanced economies of scale, lower prices for products and services, effective and efficient mass distribution of product information to consumers in making informed decis ions, and product innovation, while anti-advertising campaigners argues that advertisement by its very nature drains away scarce resources by creating a culture of dependence that is not healthy to a free enterprise economy (Study Guide, p. 30; Potter, 2006 p. 2). The following section aims to look at two basic economic assumptions that are not only relevant to the case study, but are also in line with a free market enterprise. It should be noted at this juncture that advertising is a basic function of free market economies by virtue of the fact that it continues to be proactively used to communicate the value of products and services to people who know nothing about their reputation (Norris, 1980 p. 5). One of the four basic economic assumptions as opined by Arens et al (2011) is self-interest. In an entirely free-market representation, according to the authors, all stakeholders – consumers, suppliers, manufacturers and middle men, among others – are believed to act o ut of self interest as they seek to take full advantage of their own fulfilment. The assumption of self-interest, in my view, not only enables the stakeholders in a free-market economy to efficiently allocate scarce resources, but also creates an enabling environment whereby value and utility can be maximized. The advertiser of the ‘Naked Tan’ in the case study actively employs the basic economic assumption of self-interest to drive sales for his product, thus enhancing the value and profit margin of his business. The consumers of ‘Naked Tan’, on their own free will, can either decide to buy the product if it pleases them, and if the cost is favourable depending on their own self-interest. In consequence, it can be argued that the assumption of self-interest, superficially and comprehensively, drives free enterprise economies. The second basic economic assumption, according to Arens et al (2011) is known as complete information and entails practitioners dis playing their ads in areas that best serve their interests in as far as variables such as market share, cost, and geographic location are concerned. This assumption forms one of the hallmarks of a free-market economy, in part, due to the fact that it deals with how advertisers and marketers can be able to access information that will enable them make informed decisions, thus enhance value creation and maximize returns. From the case study, it is evidently clear that the advertiser of ‘Naked Tan’, while maintaining acceptable ethical standards as set out by the ASB, has also made use of this assumption to identify advertising locations and mediums that will ostensibly allow him to maximize value. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evidently clear that issues of ethics and social responsibility are of germane importance to the practice of advertising. Advertisers, in striving to do what is good in the eyes of the majority members of society, must always ensure th at ethical standards are applied to advertising scheduling and decision-making processes, not mentioning the fact that they must use their social, intuitive, and cognitive abilities to ensure that the content depicted in the advertisements is acceptable to the majority number of people within any given population. The roles that advertisement play in society has been well articulated in this essay, and individual perceptions and viewpoints well delivered. Advertisers don’t live in a vacuum and, as such, they should be able to undertake comprehensive research on their target audiences for purposes of gaining an in-depth insight on their preferences and dislikes. Such an undertaking, in my view will offer the practitioners a rationalistic framework on which to base and justify their advertising based on acceptable ethical standards, and not necessarily on any legal obligation. List of References Arens, W.F., Weigold, M.F., Arens, C (2011). Contemporary Advertising, 13th Ed. Bo ston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Australian Association of National Advertisers (n.d.). Viewed http://aana.com.au/ . Drumwright, M.E., Murphy, P.E (2004). How Advertising Practitioners View Ethics. Journal of Advertising, Vol. 33, Issue 2, pp. 7-24. Johnson, G., Scholes, K (1997). Exploring Corporate Strategy, 4th Ed. London: Prentice Hall. Leiss, W., Klein, S., Jhally, S (1990). Social Communication in Advertising: Persons, Products and Images of Well-being, 2nd Ed. Ontario: Nelson. Norris, V (1980). Advertising History According to the Text Books. Journal of Advertising, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 3-11. O’Sullivan, T (2005). Advertising and Children: What do the Kids Think? Qualitative Market Research, Vol. 8, Issue 4, pp. 371-384. Pollay, R.W (1988). Keeping advertising from going down in History – Unfairly. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 22, Issue 8, pp. 7-16. Preston, I.L (2010). Interaction of Law and Ethics in Matters of Advertisers’ Responsibility for Protect ing Consumers. Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 44, Issue 1, pp 259-264. Potter, A (2006). Galbraith Theory of Advertising had us all Fooled. MACLEANS.CA. Viewed https://www.macleans.ca/ . Spitzer, R (2010). Is Social Responsibility Good? Journal of Quality Participation, Vol. 33, Issue 3, pp 13-17 Naked Tan, 28/07/2010, Ref No. 0305/10. This essay on Towards a Critical Evaluation of Ethics Social Responsibility in Advertising was written and submitted by user Sara L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.