The Excellence Of Women In Shakespearean Tragedy Essay...

Excellence, from the root excellent, is the achievement of something extremely good in life. These achievements can be of a literary nature, or a cosmic nature, however the excellence that pertains to the coming essay, is that which is found within the female characters of Shakespearean tragedies. Despite the patriarchal ways of life during Shakespeares age, he constantly conveys the ladies of his plays with nothing short of excellent ... beauty, wit, and virtue. [Doran 135] Dorans article The Idea of Excellence In Shakespeare is a detailed work, which engages itself in the wide scope of Shakespearean sonnets and all his theatrical work concerning excellence. Doran says very frankly that due to Shakespeare?s representation of†¦show more content†¦Her loyalty is portrayed by her love for Othello and the truth of not dismissing her marriage. Finally her generosity is easily comprehended after one is witness to her attempt to help Cassio after her husband stripped him of hi s rank. These virtues are long lived within Desdemona, and it does not take a Shakespearean critic to notice them. Doran continues his account of Desdemona by introducing Cassio as a believer of her virtuous personality. Cassio compares Desdemona to a divine member as he awaits her first steps off the ship, onto Cyprus, that she has arrived upon. While Cassio has no problem with comparing such a woman to God, Doran states that ?she is not quite so perfect as to be beyond compare, of course, or we could not believe in her as a human.? [148] With this statement, Doran?s point of view suddenly becomes more focused upon the use of hyperbole and the possibly disaster that it may cause. When asked about her handkerchief, Desdemona?s blind ignorance to the situation at hand, allows Othello to develop accusatory thoughts about the loyalty of his wife. However it is Desdemona?s tactlessness in her defense against Cassio that carves her doomed fate in stone. Doran takes account of this act and says, ?[n]o other faults are to be found in her,? [148] and that tactlessness is not a fault, not one of true character, possibly one of understanding. This is basically the end of the line for Desdemona, it is now that she awaits her doomed fate.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Lack of Reason in Shakespeares Othello1273 Words   |  6 Pagesworse with a hand and Soft, you. With this he also silences the sounds around him, and delivers a noble address, in the light, standing tall. It is an ending suitable for the most dignified of men. And yet, for all the splendor, glory, and excellence of tongue, his final words show that he does not quite understand himself or what he has done. His goal is to tell the emissaries from Venice what has happened, but he lacks insight in his articulation. Every step of his short recitation revealsRead MoreThe Renaissance and It’s Affect on William Shakespeare’s Works2369 Words   |  10 PagesChurch. The genre of tragedy is rooted in the Greek dramas of Aeschylus (525-456 B.C., e.g. the Oresteia and Prometheus Bound), Euripides (ca. 480?-405 B.C., e.g. Medeaand The Trojan Women) and Sophocles (496-406 B.C., e.g. Oedipus Rex and Antigone). While Shakespeare probably did not know Greek tragedy directly, he would have been familiar with the Latin adaptations of Greek drama by the Roman (i.e. Latin-language) playwright Seneca (ca. 3 B.C.-65 A.D.; his nine tragedies include a Medea and anRead MoreElizabethan Era11072 Words   |  45 Pagesthought, or to the geography of a ll England. 6. It continued to be largely influenced by the literature of Italy, and to a less degree by those of France and Spain. 7. The literary spirit was all-pervasive, and the authors were men (not yet women) of almost every class, from distinguished courtiers, like Ralegh and Sidney, to the company of hack writers, who starved in garrets and hung about the outskirts of the bustling taverns. PROSE FICTION. 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Such is the power of the spoken word that these women, according to Leonid Grossman, awakened the boys interest in the oral poetry of his people and at the same time fostered the development of that beautiful language--freeflowing, emotionally charged, profoundly Russian and memorably expressive--inRead MoreEssay about The Development of Black Playwright3240 Words   |  13 Pagesto the Caribbean where slave plantations were extensive and the slaves survived of story-telling, dance, music, and the performance of stories (Penumbra). The African Grove Theater thrived for a few years producing American playwrights and Shakespearean tragedies but in an age where segregation was taking place and slavery still reined in the South, the theater was not popular among traditional whites (Penumbra). Due to harassment and riots, the theater was forced to shut down. Following the shutdown

St. Thomas Aquinas the Human Law and Natural Law Debate

The Human Law and Natural Law Debate Heather Saunders 250583261 Thomistic Philosophy 2214 Dr. Fox March 21, 2012 The Human Law and Natural Law Debate Are we naturally moral creatures? Do we always act towards the common good of others? I am positive that we do not, and in fact, as much as society wants to, we go against our morals and lead with our ‘feelings’. These feelings may feel right, but it doesn’t mean they will lead you in the right path to fulfil your ultimate end, true happiness. Hitler was a passionate man driven by feelings, but what he felt and did during the World War Two era was not for the sake of the common good, and was not morally right. In today’s society we often struggle between what is legally right and what is†¦show more content†¦In an example of Canadian Law that contradicts natural law of self-preservation is Section 43 of the Criminal Code of Canada, otherwise known as the spanking law. It states that â€Å"every schoolteacher, parent or person standing in the place of a parent is justified in using force by way of correction toward a pupil or child, as the case may be, who is under his care, if the force does not exceed what is reasonable under the circumstances. [R.S. c.C-34, s.43.]† (Barnett, 2008). This law does not define reasonable force, it does however exclude those under 2 and over 12. This means parents and teachers are allowed to physically punish their child and use this as a legal defence in court. Since there is no definition of reasonable force, it can cover extreme violence, such as beating using objects like hands, feet, wooden boards, rulers, electrical cords, etc. There have been cases in which the child was severely abused and the parent did not get charged and had their parental rights reinstated because of Section 43. This Canadian law that is still enforced today, is the exact opposite of acting towards the common good. It not only contradicts natural law, but it is morally wrong. The reasoning of this law is that some people to this day view children as lesser, incapable human becomings as opposed to com petent social actors in their own lives. This in itself is a fictitious beliefShow MoreRelatedThe Five Ways By St. Thomas Aquinas996 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries The Five Ways, drawn from St. Thomas Aquinas’s Summa Theologica have been studied, scrutinized, and at the epicenter of heated debate. When St. Thomas wrote this section of his ground breaking essay what he ultimately was claiming, was that through philosophy and observation, there is a way to see how the natural world points to there in fact being a God. Although to some it may seem absurd, modern day science based upon observation and experimentation, does not completely discreditRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Natural Law1203 Words   |  5 PagesSt. Paul opens what many hold to be his magnum opus with an apologetic. In Romans 1, Paul defends the omnipotence of God and His justice by claiming that all men, including those who would willingly reject God, know Him. Paul goes on to say that there is a natural order of things in this world. He speaks of the natural relations of mankind in such a way that moves beyond simply stating that these relations are the norm to say that they are the standard or rule against which actions can be judgedRead MoreThe Laws Should And Should Not Be Place1676 Words   |  7 PagesLaw is f luid. This statement can be interpreted in a number of ways with no exact answer. One can construe it as law being ever changing or law varying from place to place. The fluidity of law is very clearly illustrated in the assorted judgments of law itself. In particular, many are strongly opinionated regarding which laws should and should not be place. St. Thomas Aquinas, a traditional law theorist, raised many questions concerning law as he had substantial sentiments around law. He combinedRead MoreEssay The Natural Law by Thomas Aquinas1670 Words   |  7 Pagessense guides people, culture, and even whole countries to act in certain ways. Thomas Aquinas called this innate sense the natural law. The natural law is established by God in order to make men more virtuous. When examined closely it is found that the natural law contains the precept of all law and, is at odds with certain laws that exist today, specifically abortion. The â€Å"natural law is appointed by reason† (Aquinas IV, 94, 1) and given to everyone. This is very contrary to popular belief thatRead More Aristotle and Aquinas Essay2012 Words   |  9 PagesAristotle and Aquinas      Ã‚  Ã‚   Among political theorists, the debate over the rule of law has been quite intense.   From the earliest days of political philosophy through to the enlightenment, there have been varying views on what the rule of law should be.   Two thinkers in particular - Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas - are perhaps the most influential.   On the surface, they both advocate the rule of law as playing a crucial role in society.   But upon deeper analysis, one finds that AristotlesRead MoreEuthanasia: An Ethical Dilemma Essay1810 Words   |  8 PagesThe ethical debate regarding euthanasia dates back to ancient Greece and Rome. It was the Hippocratic School (c. 400B.C.) that eliminated the practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide from medical practice. Euthanasia in itself raises many ethical dilemmas – such as, is it ethical for a doctor to assist a terminally ill patient in ending his life? Under what circumstances, if any, is euthanasia considered ethically app ropriate for a doctor? More so, euthanasia raises the argument of the differentRead MoreMorals in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown and King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail1592 Words   |  7 Pagesof right and wrong: â€Å"To put in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Any Law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust† (Jail par. 16). Here Dr. King essentially admits that his interpretation of right and wrong have been influenced by his religion to the point that his views of just and unjust are synonymous with St. Thomas Aquinas. He also admits indirectly that he has builtRead MoreLegal Positivists And Natural Law1966 Words   |  8 Pages‘An unjust law cannot be a valid law’ In the light of Natural Law and Positivist theories, assess the accuracy of the above statement. To what extent are legal positivists and natural law theorists accurate in terms of the idea that ‘an unjust law cannot be a valid law’? In this essay i will attempt to define the concept of the validity of law in relation to both natural law theorists and positivist theorists. For the purpose of this essay I will define validity of a law as †Having legal force; effectiveRead MoreLegal Positivism Vs. Law Of Nature1285 Words   |  6 PagesLegal Positivism v. the Law of Nature Legal philosophy has changed dramatically throughout the years; many theories have evolved and are still supported to this day. Concepts such as values, morality, desires, and reason all come into play when law is defined. Law is a very difficult word to define; what exactly is it and where does it come from? To understand the idea of law, one must also understand how humans have evolved. From the beginning, humans have been forming groups for survival; eitherRead MoreThe Life Of Thomas Aquinas2700 Words   |  11 PagesHufnagel REL317A Christian Ministry Professor Ruszala Research Paper due 5/7/15 The Life of Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Aquinas, also known as â€Å"The Universal Teacher† or â€Å"The Christian Apostle†, was born into a wealthy aristocratic family in the kingdom of Naples at Rocca Secca in 1225 and died on March 7, 1274 at Fossa Nuova (Biography). He was born in Aquino, a town in Southern Italy from which Thomas Aquinas takes his surname. He was the youngest of eight siblings the son of Count Landulf of an old

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Explained

Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow, which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. Key Takeaways: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According to Maslow, we have five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.In this theory, higher needs in the hierarchy begin to emerge when people feel they have sufficiently satisfied the previous need.Although later research does not fully support all of Maslow’s theory, his research has impacted other psychologists and contributed to the field of positive psychology. What Is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? In order to better understand what motivates human beings, Maslow proposed that human needs can be organized into a hierarchy. This hierarchy ranges from more concrete needs—such as food and water—to more abstract concepts such as self-fulfillment. According to Maslow, when a lower need is met, the next need on the hierarchy becomes our focus of attention. These are the five categories of needs according to Maslow: Physiological These refer to basic physical needs, such as drinking when thirsty or eating when hungry. According to Maslow, some of these needs involve our efforts to meet the body’s need for homeostasis; that is, maintaining consistent levels in different bodily systems (for example, maintaining a body temperature of 98.6 degrees). Maslow considered physiological needs to be the most essential of our needs. If someone is lacking in more than one need, they’re likely to try to meet these physiological needs first. For example, if someone is extremely hungry, it’s hard to focus on anything else besides food. Another example of a physiological need would be the need for adequate sleep. Safety Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next need that arises is a safe environment. Our safety needs are apparent even early in childhood, as children have a need for safe and predictable environments and typically react with fear or anxiety when these needs are not met. Maslow pointed out that, in adults living in developed nations, safety needs can be more apparent in emergency situations (e.g. war and disasters), but this need can also explain why we tend to  prefer the familiar  or why we do things like purchasing insurance and contributing to a savings account. Love and Belonging According to Maslow, the next need in the hierarchy involves feeling loved and accepted. This need includes both romantic relationships as well as ties to friends and family members. It also includes our need to feel that we belong to a social group. Importantly, this need encompasses both feeling loved  and  feeling love towards others. Since Maslow’s time, researchers have continued to explore how love and belonging needs impact well-being. For example, having social connections is related to better physical health and, conversely, feeling isolated (i.e. having unmet belonging needs) has negative consequences for health and well-being. Esteem Our esteem needs involve the desire to feel good about ourselves. According to Maslow, esteem needs include two components. The first involves feeling self-confidence and feeling good about oneself. The second component involves feeling valued by others; that is, feeling that our achievements and contributions have been recognized by other people. When people’s esteem needs are met, they feel confident and see their contributions and achievements as valuable and important. However, when their esteem needs are not met, they may experience what psychologist Alfred Adler called â€Å"feelings of inferiority.† Self-Actualization Self-actualization refers to feeling fulfilled, or feeling that we are living up to our potential. One unique feature of self-actualization is that it looks different for everyone. For one person, self-actualization might involve helping others; for another person, it might involve achievements in an artistic or creative field. Essentially, self-actualization means feeling that we are doing what we feel we are meant to do. According to Maslow, achieving self-actualization is relatively rare, and his examples of famous self-actualized individuals include Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, and Mother Teresa. How People Progress Through the Hierarchy of Needs Maslow postulated that there were several prerequisites to meeting these needs. For example, having freedom of speech and freedom of expression, or living in a just and fair society, aren’t specifically mentioned within the hierarchy of needs. However, Maslow believed that having these things makes it easier for people to achieve their needs. In addition to these needs, Maslow also believed that we have a need to learn new information and to better understand the world around us. This is partially because learning more about our environment helps us meet our other needs; for example, learning more about the world can help us feel safer, and developing a better understanding of a topic one is passionate about can contribute to self-actualization. However, Maslow also believed that this call to understand the world around us is an innate need as well. Although Maslow presented his needs in a hierarchy, he also acknowledged that meeting each need is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon. Consequently, people don’t need to completely satisfy one need in order for the next need in the hierarchy to emerge. Maslow suggests that, at any given time, most people tend to have each of their needs partly met—and that needs lower on the hierarchy are typically the ones that people have made the most progress towards. Additionally, Maslow pointed out that one behavior might meet two or more needs. For example, sharing a meal with someone meets the physiological need for food, but it might also meet the need of belonging. Similarly, working as a paid caregiver would provide someone with income (which allows them to pay for food and shelter), but can also provide them a sense of social connection and fulfillment. Testing Maslow’s Theory In the time since Maslow published his original paper, his idea that we go through five specific stages hasn’t always been supported by research. In a 2011 study of human needs across cultures, researchers Louis Tay and Ed Diener looked at data from over 60,000 participants in over 120 different countries. They assessed six needs similar to Maslow’s: basic needs (similar to Maslow’s physiological needs), safety, love, pride and respect (similar to Maslow’s esteem needs), mastery, and autonomy. They found that meeting these needs was indeed linked to well-being. In particular, having basic needs met was linked to people’s overall assessment of their lives, and feeling positive emotions was linked to meeting the needs of feeling loved and respected. However, although Tay and Diener found support for some of Maslow’s basic needs, the order that people go through these steps seems to be more of a rough guide than a strict rule. For example, people living in poverty might have trouble meeting their needs for food and safety. However, these individuals still sometimes reported feeling loved and supported by the people around them—meeting the previous needs in the hierarchy wasn’t a prerequisite for people to meet their love and belonging needs. Maslow’s Impact on Other Researchers Maslow’s theory has had a strong influence on other researchers, who have sought to build on his theory. For example, psychologists Carol Ryff and Burton Singer drew on Maslow’s theories when developing their theory of eudaimonic well-being. According to Ryff and Singer, eudaimonic well-being refers to feeling purpose and meaning—which is similar to Maslow’s idea of self-actualization. Psychologists Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary built on Maslow’s idea of love and belonging needs. According to Baumeister and Leary, feeling that one belongs is a fundamental need, and they suggest that feeling isolated or left out can have negative consequences for mental and physical health. Sources: Baumeister, Roy F., and Mark R. Leary. â€Å"The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.† Psychological Bulletin 117.3 (1995): 97-529. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777651ï » ¿Kremer, William, and Claudia Hammond. â€Å"Abraham Maslow and the Pyramid That Beguiled Business.† BBC (2013, Sep. 1). https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23902918Maslow, Abraham Harold. â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation.†Ã‚  Psychological Review  50.4 (1943): 370-396. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-03751-001Ryff, Carol D., and Burton H. Singer. â€Å"Know Thyself and Become What You Are: A Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being.†Ã‚  Journal of Happiness Studies  9.1 (2008): 13-39. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0Tay, Louis, and Ed Diener. â€Å"Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World.†Ã‚  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  101.2 (2011): 354-365. http://psy cnet.apa.org/record/2011-12249-001Villarica, Hans. â€Å"Maslow 2.0: A New and Improved Recipe for Happiness.† The Atlantic (2011, Aug. 17). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/08/maslow-20-a-new-and-improved-recipe-for-happiness/243486/

How Technology has Changed Anthropology - 872 Words

How technology has changed Anthropology â€Å"Anthropology is the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities† – Alfred L. Kroeber Anthropology is holistic. Humans are social beings more than anything, but with underlying psychological, biological and cultural connotations. The field of anthropology encompasses everything and anything having to do with humankind throughout history. Anthropology attempts to answer the tough questions about the human condition. What influences our actions? How has our species changed? Why do we look down on other cultures or societies? The questions are endless. It is the anthropologists’ job to try and answer them with unbiased subjectivity in order to come analytical conclusions about us as humans. (Kottak 14). To understand humans and the complexity of our cultures anthropology uses knowledge not only from the social and biological sciences, but also the physical sciences and humanities. In order to cover such a wide base of human history and interaction, anthropology itself has been split up into four different subsets that allow us to delve deeper into the understandin g of the human condition. What is common throughout all the subsets is the application of knowledge in an effort to solve human problems. Throughout history though, the problems we have faced as humans have not always been the same. In fact they often change from generation to generation. For anthropology to keep up with these changes it’s had toShow MoreRelatedAnthropology : Indigenous People And Tribes Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesDecember 5, 2016 Anthropology: Indigenous People/Tribes Change due to Outside Contact Outside contact does not always result in depopulation, despite the fact, that in many cases, it s followed by cultural and social disintegration. I will bring up the reasons to why outside contact changes Indigenous people/tribes, and why these their cultures have changed juristically over time. So what is Social Anthropology, and how does it relate to Australian Aborigines? Social Anthropology is the study ofRead MoreImportance Of Chemical Analysis Of Anthropology Is Not A Word That Crosses People s Minds1103 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Acabado Anthropology 8 24 October 2015 The Importance of Chemical Analysis in Archaeology Anthropology is not a word that crosses people’s minds very often, and when it does, it is most often associated with treasure-hunting and dinosaurs. Those who have a vague idea of what anthropology – that is, the study of human past and all that entails – and its subfield, archaeology is, often think of both as one-dimensional fields, when in reality, they are so much more. Anthropology is a multi-disciplinaryRead MoreAnthropology : Indigenous People And Tribes Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pages Anthropology: Indigenous People/Tribes Change due to Outside Contact Outside Contact does not inevitably result in depopulation, despite the fact, that in many cases, it is followed by cultural and social disintegration. I will bring up the reasons to why outside contact change tribes, and why these their cultures change over time due to outside contact. So what is Social Anthropology, and how does it relate to Australian Aborigines? Social Anthropology is the comparativeRead MoreThe Archaeological Theory Of Practice1451 Words   |  6 Pagesof traits unique to each cultural group. It explained change was caused by diffusion and migration in which research with spatial and temporal time and space systematics to shape cultural forms over time that determine human behavior. 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Fantasy vs. Reality - 915 Words

Fantasy vs. Reality Silently, my senses begin to abandon their rationale†¦who is to say then what is real? The world that we live in, the reality, which we are a part of, is small and thus limited. That is why, in his infinite capacity for potential improvement, man created fantasy. Fantasy is BIG! To a certain extent it is more imaginative, more exciting, and more fun. Fantasy is like a lake where man throws all his ideas and dreams, and then he dives on in from the springboard of imagination. So, jump in to the lake. Why not? Just make sure that when you jump in to the lake you know how to get back from where you came from. Because, no matter how big a fantasy is, to the point that it somehow changes our perception of what is†¦show more content†¦This is fantasy mixing itself with reality, that in the process, it is now becoming hard to determine whether that particular fantasy is still just a fantasy apart from reality or it is already mistaken to be reality itself. Soft trick of sun and shadow conjures the fruits and foliates into tall towers and halls, risen from the windy old streets. This would mean the sun playing tricks by producing shadows. Shadows are kind of a pointer to something, pointing to what is real and yet in itself is not real, just like the imagination. Just as the sun produces the shadow, the mind produces the imagination, wherein both the shadow and the imagination point to something that is real but again, in themselves alone are not real. And so, the sun playing tricks would mean conjuring or summoning the fruits and foliates, which refer to little bits of reality and transforming them into tall towers and halls, which in turn are pinpointing to grand and fantastical images. In other words, simple pieces of reality are then altered into majestic landscapes thus creating a fantasy. And to enhance the image more, the tall towers and halls are risen from the windy old streets. What do we usually find in windy old streets? We find dilapidated and out-of-date houses and structures and yet the image of tall towers and halls are found on those very streets. The very presence of tall towers and hallsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Reality Vs. Fantasy1056 Words   |  5 Pagesexample stating â€Å"that I am here, clothed in my dressing gown, seated at the fireplace, when in fact I am lying undressed between he blankets!† (222). Descartes describes how a dream may feel so real, one might actually think their dream is in fact reality. He goes on further saying â€Å"plainly that there are no definite signs to distinguish being awake from being asleep that I am quite astonished, and this astonishment almost convinces me that I am sleeping† (222). This all lead to Descartes comingRead MoreReality Vs. Fantasy : Quotes Notes1705 Words   |  7 PagesReality vs. Fantasy Quotes Notes 1. â€Å"Now, then, let me look at you. But don t you look at me, Stella, . no, no, no, not till later, not till I ve bathed and rested I And turn that over-light off!(1. 18-19). Blanche is living in her fantasy that she is so young and she is good looking and she expects everyone to say that her physical appearance is very beautiful. She is not accepting the fact that she is going to get old she is not going to stay young forever. She thinks she is taking bath in someRead MoreReality Vs Fantasy By James Cole And Dr. Movie952 Words   |  4 Pages The main theme of the movie is mainly about a thrilling adventure through time travel in a world full madness and mystery. The contrast of reality vs fantasy has a large influence on the plotlines, setting, characters and the theme of this movie. James Cole and Dr. Railly, the two main characters represent the real world events, like being on the run from the authorities. The mission that they faced seen impossible considering the time period they both lived in. But in a futuristic world luck mightRead MoreFantasy vs. Reality in a Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 2012 Relationship Between Fantasy and Reality in A Midsummer Night’s Dream In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare easily blurs the lines of reality by inviting the audience into a dream. He seamlessly toys with the boundaries between fantasy and reality. Among the patterns within the play, one is controlled and ordered by a series of contrasts: the conflict of the sleeping and waking states, the interchange of reality and illusion, and the mirrored worlds of FairyRead MoreReality Vs. Fantasy : Today s Modern World1459 Words   |  6 PagesReality vs. Fantasy In today’s modern world, our mindsets in fashion are all based on fantasy: new brands, trends and many more. We all live in a society whereby we tend to buy things that are attractive and very unique within our culture. 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Australian Rules Directed by Paul Goldman Essay Example For Students

Australian Rules Directed by Paul Goldman Essay Australian Rules is a 2002 drama film directed by Paul Goldman. The film is set in South Australia fishing town. Moreover, discovers the racial and cultural differences of the white Australian and the aboriginal Australian. The film Australian Rules was successfully shows the wilderness of Australian life, and the racism that still exists in Australia. The film is about a young man experiencing the hardships of growing up in rural South Australia. The only thing that connects two communities the whites and the blacks is football. The essay will be talking about the Negative representation of white Australian in the film Australian rules, and racism to support the argument. Australia is a diverse country that encompasses a multi-cultural population including the traditional land the aboriginal community. Located in the southern hemisphere Australia generally has a warm climate with the southern state being colder due to the proximity to Antarctica. Australian people are generally friendly, honest, and excepting of others. Due to Australia being a relatively new country buildings and houses are generally a modern design. The Main Characters in the Film Australian Rules are Gary Black and Dumby Red is exception teenage best friends from different sides of the ways. Dumby is the star of the football team and likely to become the next big Aboriginal star in the big leagues. Gary is the bookish son of a hard-drinking and ruthless white fisherman, Bob Black. He is attracted to Dumbys good-looking sister, Clarence. The men in the film Australian Rules are coward, racist, nasty, alcoholic, smokers, swears a lot, risk takers; bad parenting and they show a very bad image to the young Australian man well not just Australian man everyone. In the film, it shows how bad Australian men are. Bad parenting by Bob of Blacky and his being racist for example when blacky’s father got home he went to blacky’s room and saw Blacky with Clarence, an aboriginal girl. He had beaten Blacky because he saw him with Clarence in one bed. That shows the racism and bad parenting of bob. ¬ ‘’Get out of my house, you black slut’’. Australian men show a bad image of being an Australian. The most predominant view is one of a violent beer drinking fisherman. Blacky’s father is the prime example in the movie. The fact that he bashes his wife shows that his values system is one that supports violence towards women. This leads to his attitude towards his role in the household; he sees his role as the father to be one of authority, providing and disciplinary. He seeks to maintain power by beating his wife when she doesn’t do something that he tells her, he also uses his fruit and nut chocolate as a reminder of the control he has over his family. â€Å"Don’t touch Dad’s fruit and nut.or god help you† Says Blacky’s mother, this shows that Bob (Blacky’s father) has a symbol of his power which can be tested but nobody dares to which shows that he has succeeded in maintaining his power. Blacky’s father sees drinking beer as being a ‘manly’ thing to do and thus wants his son to grow up to be what he considers a man. Blacky tries to fight this because Blacky won’t accept his values at all. Paul Goldman also positions the viewer to reject this view of masculinity. They provided the viewer with an insight into the view of masculinity. He also shows that the men in town think that their children should grow up exactly like them instead of letting them become their own person. .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 , .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 .postImageUrl , .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 , .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7:hover , .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7:visited , .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7:active { border:0!important; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7:active , .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7 .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94512a24489cacc0e6e31c5e78b465e7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Going to a Movie: Archetypes in the "Star Wars" Movie EssayThe women in the film Australian Rules are intelligent, alcoholic, smoker. Pickles mum shows a bad image of being an Australian woman by how she acted in the film. She goes to the pub with Australian man’s she is the type of mother that cares about her life but does not take it seriously. Blacky’s mum she is intelligent she is a loving mum makes up about the dads abuse she is smart of how she does for the football she is brave and good stay home mum.

Foundations of Company & Commercial Law - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theFoundations of Company Commercial Law for Partnership. Answer: There are three common business structures that are usually used for the running of a business. These include sole proprietorship, partnership and company. In the given case, considering there are three members namely Mary, Fred and Chris who would share the ownership, hence, the given structure cannot be labelled as sole proprietorship as the ownership of the business is limited to only one owner. Further, the given business structure by way of formation does not seem to be a company as this typically has elaborate formalities which would involve some time and cost for the formation. Also, the fact that the terms were written on a serviette clearly reflect that the given structure is not a company. Hence, the only possible business structure that seems likely is the partnership structure. In order to determine whether the given structure is a partnership or not, the relevant provisions of the Partnership Act, 1892 (NSW) need to be considered. As per s.1 of this act, any partnership needs to fulfil the following three conditions. Carrying on of a business In the above regards, there are certain crucial aspects which must be adhered. There needs to be involvement in business and not hobby as highlighted in the verdict of Ferguson v Federal Commissioner of Taxation. There is a difference between preparing to carry on a business and actually carrying on a business as reflected in the verdict of Goudberg v Herniman Associated Pty Ltd Also, it is essential that the underlying activity for which the partnership is formed is not for a single venture or isolated transaction but it should be for repetitive business activity. This is reflected in the arguments of the Ballantyne v Raphael. In this particular case, the partnership was formed amongst partners for a particular sub-division of a land and hence was not termed as a partnership since it was for a particular land only and there was no intention to repeatedly engage in the same. Business must be carried out in common It is essential that even though all the partners are not engaged actively in the business but all the business activities must be carried on the behalf of the partners of the firm. This is apparent from the arguments and underlying verdict of the Lang v James Morrison Co Ltd. In this particular case, the honourable court indicated that mutuality of obligations is critical for the existence of partnership and in the absence of the same, the relationship between parties cannot be termed as partnership. Also, the right to participate in profits is critical to being a partner as highlighted in the Re Ruddock case. Presence of Profit Motive In accordance with the commentary in Wise v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd, partnerships are associations formed with the intention to earn profits unlike clubs which are mere associations and are not considered as partnership as the profit motive seems to be absent. Further, profit in terms of partnership refers to monetary gains only as other gains can be found in other association. It is imperative to note that the definition of profit has not been offered in the PA but is derived from commentary in cases such as Bond Corporation Holdings Ltd Anor v Grace Bros Holdings Ltd Ors. In accordance with this, profit tends to occur if the asset value of a partnership firm tends to be different at different point of time and the difference in value is termed as profit. In accordance with the above three requirements, the current scenario needs to be analysed so as to opine whether the given structure would be a partnership or not. It is apparent that the three partners i.e. Mary, Fred, Chris are not limited to planning but actually set up a caf business with joint ownership. Further, there was presence of an oral agreement with regards to the sharing of profit which amounts to the partnership agreement which is required for setting a partnership into place. It is mentioned that it is a business; hence it cannot be considered a hobby. Also, considering it is a business, hence the profit motive would also be present. Besides, it is apparent that the business is being run in common as the three partners have stakes are also involved in the day to day management of the caf. Besides, considering the nature of the business, it is also apparent that the business is not an isolated transaction but rather a repeated activity which is done over and over agai n, thus ensuring that it is indeed a business. It is apparent from the above discussion that all the conditions associated with a partnership relationship is fulfilled in the given case, hence it would fair to recognise the given business as a partnership firm with Mary, Fred, Chris being partners. It is imperative to note that in a partnership business structure unlike the company structure, the underlying principle is not the firm since a partnership has no legal entity. As a result, the partner while acting as the firms agent tends to also represent the other partners when running the partnership business and if certain actions are undertaken by the partner in the usual manner of conducting business, then such actions would be binding not only on the firm but also the partners. The only exception to this is when the other party is aware of the lack of authorization on part of the partner. However, this is primarily applicable for contractual liability. The scope of discussion in the given case would be limited primarily within the ambit of tortious liability. S. 10 of the PA is relevant in this regard and states that if any act which is wrongful or caused due to omission of the partner which results in causing damage or injury to any person who is not the firms partner, then the firm and partners jointly would be held responsible for the same provided that the omission or the wrongful act was carried out in the ordinary course of business. S. 12 of the PA also reflects that any liability arising from any wrong would be joint and several. This makes sense as for the actions of the agent the principal is responsible which in the given case cannot be firm since if the firm is sued; it essentially implies that the parties would be caught in a lawsuit. Also, since the partnership firm could potentially have unlimited liability, thus there is risk that in case of any tort related liability, the claims could potentially reach the person a ssets of the partners as the underlying liability arising from the tort would not be limited to business as in the case of a company but rather extend to the partners who would be held liable on account of the firm or business, Clearly, with regards to the above section, a major concern is to determine as to what constitutes as the ordinary course of business. In this regard certain useful cases are Polkinghorne v Holland and also Walker and others v European Electronics Pty Ltd. In the latter case, the judge stated that in order to define both the business scope and nature, reference needs to be given to the partnership agreement which would help in answering the above question. The following commentary given by Mahoney JA is also relevant in this regard and highlighted as shown below. In considering whether the act of a person is done in the ordinary course of the business of a firm of which he is a member, it is, of course, necessary to determine what the business of the firm is. Sometimes the business of the firm is defined or described in the partnership agreement. In such a case, the court must decide, as a question of fact, whether the act in question can be and was done in the course of carrying it on. This may be decided by reference to specific evidence that an act of the kind in question is apt to be, or was, done in carrying on such a business. Or, in some cases, the court may be in a position to take notice of the fact that a business of the kind in question is apt to be carried on by doing acts of the relevant kind. Further, in cases, where the scope and normal conduct of the business activities cannot be defined or identified through the aid of the partnership agreement, then in such cases, the decision is based on the underlying situation as has been highlighted in the verdict of the National Commercial Banking Corporation of Australia Ltd v Batty. Further, this is also reiterated in the Goldberg v Jenkins case. The prime reason was purely circumstantial since in the ordinary course of business, the interest rate paid on borrowed funds was significantly lesser in comparison to the rate at which the partner borrowed which effectively resulted in exemption of the liability for the firm and the other partners. In the given case, also, the above understanding would be applicable and the liability needs to be fixed with reference to the relevant sections of the PA along with applicable case law. It is apparent that the customer has been damaged owing to the coffee being too hot and considering the fact that the caf had duty to care, there is clear case of negligence and also the customer who has suffered the burns intends to claim damages. It is apparent that Chris who was negligent while serving the coffee would be definitely liable for the damages claimed by the customer. In order to determine whether the partners i.e. Mary and Fred would also be held liable or not, it needs to be ascertained whether the negligence was observed during the normal course of the business or not. It is apparent that the business that the partners are engaged in is caf. For a caf business, making and serving coffee to the customers is a regular part of the business and thereby it would be appropriate to conclud e that Chris was involved in the normal business course and thus in accordance with s. 10, 12, all the partners would be jointly and severely responsible for the damage claimed by the aggrieved customer. The current business structure is partnership which has two very big disadvantages which necessitates the review of the current business structure. In line with the incidents that occurred in part 1(b), the personal liability of the partners is potentially unlimited and as business grows, it is endeavour on the part of the partners to form a business structure which provides immunity to their personal assets to any issues related to the business. As a result, a company structure would be better suited. Further, another issue for the business in the partnership structure would be in raising of incremental finances which are not possible without dissolving the partnership firm. This is because every time there would a new shareholder that is added or alteration in the existing shareholding of partners, there would be a requirement to enact a new partnership agreement and form a new partnership firm which is quite cumbersome. Also, there is restriction in the number of members who can become partners and it might not be possible to arrange the requisite finance for business expansion from even the maximum number of partners possible. Thus, in this endeavour a company structure might be better suited considering the ease with which the transfer of securities can be enacted. A critical aspect of company which resolves the above two issues witnessed in partnership firms, is the fact that the company has a legal identity unlike other business structures which are known only by their respective owners. This was established over a century ago in the Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd. when the House of Lords distinguished between the liabilities of the company from that of the owners. Afterwards, this particular stance has been vindicated by a host of other cases. Even though in certain cases, the court may decide to lift the veil but despite that the principle of legal separation between the shareholders and the directors is well acknowledged. Additionally, in accordance with Corporations Act 2001, a company structure is capable of the following. Hold property Sue other parties and get sued in turn Perpetual in existence Limited Liability It is apparent from the above that the liability of the shareholders in a company structure would be limited as the maximum loss that the shareholders can bear is limited by their respective share investments. Thus, if the company becomes bankrupt then the shares would not have any worth and it would be deemed that shareholders have lost the money invested in the company. This is highlighted in the Green v. Bestobell Industries Pty Ltd case. Further, it is also apparent from the above that the company always remains in existence, thus it provides freedom for the owners to transfer shares as this would also happen one the shareholders are dead. But, the transfer of shares would not impact the existence of company which continues to exist and function irrespective of the ownership change. This allows for greater flexibility in raising finance for business purposes by diluting the equity while preserving the entity of the business. The objective is to determine whether the loan which has been taken by one of the directors Chris would be binding on the business under the relevant provisions of Corporation Act 2001 (Cth). It is noteworthy that when the individuals decide to use company business structure for their business, then the liability of any act of the director is mainly imposed on the name of company. The leading case is the judgement given in Salomon v. Salomon Co Ltd case. It is because company itself has a legal entity. Hence, company has its own rights and the respective obligations created by any action of the authorised agents which would create a legal liability for the company only. It has been highlighted in the Green v. Bestobell Industries Pty Ltd case, that the directors or the respective shareholders of the company are considered completely separate from the liabilities of the company because the liability is imposed on the company name only. This aspect is known as VEIL OF INCORPORATION under Corporation Act 2001. However, this scenario is different when the directors or shareholders are involved in any fraudulent activity on the name of the company, evading fiduciary duties, a voiding the obligations of contract. In this regards the honourable court would consider the situation and will LIFT the applicability of VEIL OF INCORPORATION. The testimony of this aspect is given in the verdict of Pioneer Concrete Service Ltd v. Yelnah Pty Ltd case. Dealing with a company for a third party is completely different as compared to a sole trader or partnership firm. It is because if the shareholder or the director is working on behalf of the company, then the respective directot is working as an agent for the company. Also, the third party can assume that the agent has the requisite authorization to create the contract in the absence of anything suspicious. Further, the liability of the enacted contract would be directly validated by the company. In this regards, under the provisions of section 127, Corporation Act 2001,the third party can enter into the contract and form legal contractual document if the contractual document in the following manner (without the seal of the company). When the contract has been signed by the two directors of the company When one director and a company secretary have signed the contract If the company has only one director (who is also designated as the sole secretary) then his/her sign on the contract would create the contract with the third party. These would extend the contractual liability on company under the applicability of section 128 and 129 of Corporation Act, 2001. In the accordance of the section 126 of Corporation Act 2001, the person has implied or express authority to enact legal relations with the third party can execute legal contracts on the part of the company. In this scenario, the person would be termed as agent of the company and company itself works as the principal. The judgement furnished in the Brick Pipe Industries Ltd v Occidental lie Nominees Pty Ltd case. Moreover, respective statutory assumption can be made on behalf of the third party while creating legal relation with the agent only when the document has been executed under the provisions of section 127, Corporation Act 2001. However, it is the responsibility of the third party to make certain enquiries related to the authorization of the agent. Further, the third party who is not aware about the limitation of the threshold limit of authority of the agent can enter into the contract in the good faith. The third can make assumptions related to the authorization of the conc erned agent under the provisions of section 129. This is in line with the rules of indoor management which have been upheld in the Royal British Bank vTurquand case. Also, a leading case in this regards is highlighted in Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd. The external or third party can make assumption even if the agent has fraudulently working on the name of company and the company has not informed about revoking the authority of the given agent. In the present case scenario, it is apparent that Chris who is working as one of the directors of the company has issued loan from the bank in order to purchase the neighbouring shop. The amount of loan is $50,000. It is highlighted in the constitution of the company that a director shall be able to enact contract with the third party only for the amount of $100,000. If any contract related to the expense for the goods or/and service, including loan has a contractual amount greater than $100,000, then it is essential that the contractual document must be signed by a director and an authorised board member. However, the bank is not aware about this constitution of the company and has made the assumption under the provisions of section 129 of Corporation Act that Chris has the requisite authority to take the loan. Therefore, the rights of the bank would be protected and the company would liable to complete the contractual obligation. It is because Chris is working as an agent for the c ompany and hence, the principal (company) is bound with the loan contract. Therefore, final conclusion can be drawn as the loan contract made by Chris on behalf of the company has extended the loan contractual liability on the company. Further, if the company would not satisfy the contractual liability then bank has the legal rights to sue company and recover the damages Considering the pivotal role played by the directors in the running of the company and the eventual success or failure, the Corporations Act 2001 has bestowed a host of duties on the conduct of the directors. The most key duty is imposed by s. 180 as which per there is a duty on the part of the directors to act with care and adequate due diligence. Further. S. 180(2) also known as the business judgement rule acts as a defence to decisions taken under s. 180. Thus, any decision which is taken to be in the interest of the company needs to be taken in good faith and by exhibiting faith. Another relevant duty on the director falls under the s. 588G as per which the director should not assume additional debt which can potentially lead to the bankruptcy of the company and thereby should continue to decrease the travelling expense. In the event that any reckless debt would be assumed that the company would have to pay the requisite amount to the bank. Besides, it is essential all the member s especially directors should adhere to the replaceable rules along with taking proactive measures so as to ensure that the affairs of the company are run in appropriate manner. As per the information extended in the case, it is apparent that Chris has assumed a loan of $150,000 even though his authority was limited to a sum of $ 100,000. Apparently, the step taken was in order to purchase the shop available in the neighbourhood at significantly discount prices. However, it seems quite strange as to why didnt Chris try to discuss the matter with the other board members if the project was indeed profitable. It is apparent that there has been a breach of corporations Act as loan has been assumed without adequate consultations with the other partners knowing about the utility of the same, it reflects breach of the constitution considering the clear parameter measured which is also considered. Further, it is imperative to note that the decision to assume incremental debt if did not prove correct could have potentially led to bankruptcy of the company had the strategy not worked. Thus, before assuming the loan, it was critical on the part of Chris to conduct with other investors especially if it was considered to be value accretive for the company. Thus, it is apparent that the conduct of Chris is not in line with the relevant Corporations Act especially because of acting independently. To be in line, it would be imperative that the assumed debt should have been approved by the board of directors before being assumed as the same was not authorised by the Constitution. While the current decision did not backfire, but there are chances of the claim not creating value for investors.