The Element Tin essays

The Element Tin essays The Element Tin is a soft, silvery-white metal that belongs to group IV of the Periodic Table. Its name may come from the German word, Zinn that describes a soft white metal with a low melting point. It has an atomic number of 50, which also means there are 50 protons in each atom of the element Tin. Tins atomic mass is 118.71. This element can be found in places such as Bolivia, which is the prime producer, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Zaire, and Nigeria. Its highly crystalline structure gives tin a slight moaning sound when it is bent. Tin has one of the lowest melting points of all metals melting at 449.5F. It remains a liquid until the temperature reaches 4,100F. This is when it turns into gas. Tin is light weighted, ductile, malleable, which means it can be easily bent. With tin being ductile, it can be easily drawn into fine wires or threads. Even though it is relatively weak, when it is mixed with other metals, it can form a wide range of alloys. Tin exist in 3 different forms: gray or alpha, a powdery form of metal stable only at 64F, white or beta, stable between 64F and 322F, and lastly, brittle or gamma, stable between 322F and 449.5F. It also has 10 natural isotopes and 27 artificial isotopes. Although tin is in greater qualities than other metals such, as gold and platinum it still is a rare metal on earth. It only makes up two parts per million of the earths crust. Although some of it is found in its purity, Tin is mostly found mixed with other minerals. One is called cassiterite. Over millions of years the minerals of tin were left in the rocks and were eventually moved by wind, water, and ice. When the minerals were washed and settled on the riverbeds alluvial deposits were formed thus making this the main source of tin minerals. Bronze, a mixture of tin and copper, was the main kind of metal used in the Bronze Age. Countries would sometimes have wars over the minerals used to make this impo...

Considering Cases Of Bankruptcy And Reorganisation Of A Partnership Essay

Considering Cases Of Bankruptcy And Reorganisation Of A Partnership - Essay Example Bankruptcy is usually a legally declaration of individuals or organizations inability to pay their creditors. This request is done by the creditors in order for them to recoup a fraction of what they are owed by an individual or an organization. However, bankruptcy can also be initiated by the individuals themselves or organization in case they feel that they are not capable of paying their debts. In simple words, an individual or an organization is insolvent or bankrupt if it cannot pay his debts or discharge his liabilities on the due date. The creditors or the debtors themselves may present a petition to the court that a receiving order should be made. For this case, Beren took the correct step of filing an involuntary petition with the court of law to declare their partnership bankrupt as indicated in chapter 7. Indeed the partnership had exceeded their estimate of purchasing and renovating the office building to a point of accumulating debts amounting to $380,000 against the $200,000 they had set aside for this and effort by Beren to convince other partners to seek additional funds bore no fruits. On the other had Elliot and Mannino objected to Beren's idea of involuntary bankruptcy under Chapter 7. ... Under Chapter 7, there is an alternative relief for the debtors to avoid the issue of their partnership being liquidated and continue doing it business. For this case the involuntary petition filed by Beren may not be granted by the court which was done against the wish of Elliot and Mannino. (U.S Courts, 2006) Elliot and Mannino should file a petition under chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code. The debtors may argue that they would pay the debts if the payment period is extended. They may also argue that they may have a comprehensive reorganization. 1 The main objective of bankruptcy is to give an honest individual a clean bill of life or a fresh start after discharging certain debts. Usually the there is no responsibility of liabilities already discharged on the side of the debtor. Question Two Explaining Whether the Bankruptcy Court Confirms the Debtor's Plan of Reorganization A voluntary petition was filed by Richard under chapter 11. He filed a reorganization plan that divided his creditors into three classes. The three classes were: administrative creditors which were to be paid in full; the second class were unsecured creditors which were to receive 50% on their claims and the third class was the IRS which was to receive $20,000 on confirmation and the balance in future payments. There was no creditor who voted to accept this arrangement and the unsecured creditors were impaired since their legal, equitable, and contractual rights were being altered. (http://www.uscourts.gov/bankruptcycourts/bankruptcybasics/chapter11.html) To keep the firm running, debtors propose a plan of reorganization in order for them to pay their creditors in a considerable period of time. A

Urbanism in archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urbanism in archaeology - Essay Example Urbanism means the way of development, shaping and modification of the built environment found in the towns and cities. It is not the planning of town as is usually understood by some people.It explains the way communities came into being in cities, and how they interacted with one another to give rise to the social systems. The concept of the contemporary world is totally incomplete without cities. According to an estimate, population of people that live in cities exceeds half of the total, and in the upcoming century, it is quite likely to approach two-thirds (Marcus and Sabloff 3). Cities used to be non-existent in the past. This has stirred up a lot of debate regarding the factors that have caused cities to form. Some scholars think that old scattered populations nucleated to create the cities while others believe in the role of several other factors. An in-depth analysis of the literature relevant to ancient cities is a potential means of identification of the factors that gave rise to urbanism. â€Å"These diverse settlements not only have much to tell us about the social, political, religious, and economic conditions of their times but also say something about our own† (Marcus and Sabloff 3). The division of class played an important role in maintaining the balance of social systems in cities and their civilization. Mesopotamian civilization is generally recognized as the first civilization (â€Å"The Birth of Civilization† 8). The modern Baghdad can be divided into two zones of ecology, namely the northern zone and the southern zone. Sumerians founded many of the ancient cities of Mesopotamia in the 4th millennium B.C.E. in Sumer that forms the southern Babylonia. Uruk was the a city in Sumer that was world’s largest city in 3000 B.C.E. However, many cities existed in Sumer before that. In the Early Dynastic Period that mainly ranged from 2800 B.C.E. to 2370 B.C.E., a lot of Sumerian cities were aligned north to south of Mesopotamia aside the watercourses (â€Å"The Birth of Civilization† 8). These cities included but were not limited to Ur, Lagash, Uruk, Shuruppak and Nippur. Many of these city-states had developed leagues of religious and political importance. These city-states quarreled with one another over possession of more resources and land for irrigation and agriculture. With the passage of time, stronger leagues gained hold of the weaker, and gradually increased enough to develop whole kingdoms which would in turn, rule many city-states. Ten major criteria of difference between the earliest and modern villages can be drawn from the archaeological data, which can be summarized as follows: Although most of the first cities are smaller than contemporary villages, they used to be considerably densely populated and voluminous as compared to the settlements that preceded them. The ancient urban population differed in function from a village. Most of the people living in cities were peasants, and wou ld cultivate crops in the lands aside the cities. People who had other professions and lived in cities like merchants, priests and craftsmen used to acquire food from the surplus prepared by the peasants as a support. The peasants did not take any service or goods from them for offering them the fish or grains they collected. The primary producers were obliged to reserve a portion of the surplus for a divine king as tax. This was extremely necessary in order to generate capital. Monumental structures not only signified the concentration of the surplus of the society, but also distinguished cities from villages. A lot of temples were constructed in the Sumerian cities. However, many magazines and workshops were attached to them. Each temple had a big granary. Many examples of this trend can be noticed. The grand tombs of pharaohs dominated the Nile Valley. Likewise, the pyramids and temples of the Maya cities are quite well known. Therefore, it can be said that the social surplus in Sumer was

Viscosity Science Lab Essay Example for Free

Viscosity Science Lab Essay Purpose: To determine of changing the viscosity will affect the time it takes for a marble to flow through a liquid. Hypothesis: If a marble is dropped into dish soap and corn syrup, than I predict that the marble in the dish soap will travel faster than the marble in the corn syrup because I know that the viscosity of the corn syrup is thicker than then the viscosity of the dish soap. Also, the particles in the corn syrup are more compact than those in the dish soap. This makes the marble sink faster in the dish soap than the corn syrup. Apparatus: * 2 identical marbles * 250 Graduated Cylinders of 250mL * 250mL of dish soap * 250mL of corn syrup * 1 timer/stopwatch Procedure: 1. Drop one marble in the graduated cylinder of corn syrup and begin timing 2. Continue timing until the marble hits to the bottom and stop the timer 3. Record the time result in the qualitative chart 4. Record all observations in the quantitative chart 5. Repeat all steps from 1-4 fir the graduated cylinder of the dish soap 6. Clean up the work area Observations: Qualitative Observations Dish Soap| Corn Syrup| * Green * Quick * Pungent * Bubbles * Translucent * Level rose * Bright * Not Viscous| * Level Rose * Very Slow * Bubbles *  Translucent * Pungent * Viscous * Muted * Dark| Quantitative Observations: Dish Soap| Corn Syrup| 7.24 seconds| 87.25 seconds| Data: See graph attached at the end of this lab. Conclusion: Yes, my hypothesis was correct. I discovered that a marble travels approximately 7 seconds in 250mL of dish soap and approximately 87 seconds in corn syrup. Also, I found that the corn syrup is more viscous than the dish soap which is what caused the slow and fast sinking. This result occurred because the particles in the corn syrup are much larger than normal particles. These large particles within the corn syrup take up more space. Since the particles take up so much space, they tend to block each other and not let them pass through. It is very difficult for large particles to move past each other unlike small, tiny particles, like those in the dish soap. The particles in the dish soap are very small and can move more freely and quickly. In the dish soap, the particles are very small and can move past each other easily when compared to the particles in the corn syrup. Another reason also contributed to the result of this experiment. Attraction. Some types of particles tend to attract more than others and that is exactly what happened in the corn syrup. The particles in the corn syrup attracted more than the dish soap. The large particles in the corn syrup held tightly to each other, that when the marble fell in that it made it hard for the marble to pass through more than one particle at a time. IN the dish soap, the particles did not attract as much as the corn syrup which let the marble move easily and quickly through the liquid. The strength of attraction as well as the particle size is important in determining a fluid’s viscosity. Application: This viscosity experiment can be used in real-life when making sun-tan lotion as well as other cosmetic products. It is important for the lotion to be viscous because the lotion could not be applied and spread around the  body if the cream was not viscous enough to suit its use. It would drip all over you! It wouldn’t dry or stay in one place. Many well-known businesses hire highly educated scientists to calculate the right viscosity level and if it is not correct nobody would buy the product. People who once thought highly of the product would think that it has gone bad and useless. Profits would go down for the business and since nobody would by it, the business would have to be shut down. Many jobs would be lost and many businesses would have to be shut down. Jobs from the factory, the transport services, the marketers, and the retail stores would be lost and many people left with nothing but a pension. Viscosity is seen all around the world and it is very important for the measurement of viscosity to be pin-point and accurate.

A Comparison of Things Fall Apart and Julius Caesar Essays -- comparis

Comparing Things Fall Apart and Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚   "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe and "Julius Caesar" by William Shakespeare are two very different books that are interrelated through their similar themes and characters. There are characters from both stories that can connect to one another through their common motives and characteristics. Many of the main themes and elements of the stories are similar including a tragic ending and themes of betrayal, honor, and conflict. However, there are differences between the characters and themes from the two books as well.    In Things fall apart, Okonkwo would resemble Caesar most because they were both men of high titles with success in war and battle. Okonkwo was a well accomplished soldier known for the many heads that he had severed off enemies during tribal conflicts. Casesar was one of the greatest generals of all time bringing Rome to its peak height of power. Both men did not fear death but meet death abruptly. Even though they were very similar, Caesar was killed by an assassination, while Okonkwo commits suicide.    Mr. Kiaga, the translator and negotiator for the Christian missionary can be matched most easily to Antony. Both men had great oratory skills which they put to good use. Kiaga used his skills to convert and had won many converts to the new faith. Antony used his oratory skills to convince the crowd at Caesar's funeral that Brutus and the conspirators had killed Caesar unjustly. Both men had very loyal qualities. Antony was loyal to Caesar and wanted to avenge Caesar's death. Mr Kiaga was loyal to the church and Mr Brown, the priest and head of the missionary. Even though they are similar in many ways, they have differe... ...ad done nothing at all and Brutus killed him because he believed that the general would change into a tyrannical ruler. Caesar's ambition could have destroyed Rome if it wasn't for the noble actions of Brutus.    Even though these two books may seem very different, they also share many similarities. Though they are not related through their plots, they definitely share some very important themes and resemblance of characters. Through these similarities, two different stories in completely different time frames and locations can be brought together in many instances.    Works Cited:    Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. 1958. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, Expanded Edition, Vol. 1. Ed. Maynard Mack. London: Norton, 1995. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Alan Durband. London: Hutchinson & Co. Publishers Ltd., 1984.

Far From the Maddening Crowd Essay

Bathsheba Everdene is the main character in the book â€Å"Far From The Madding Crowd. † She is central to nearly every situation and is held in high regard by the village people. She has her ups and downs in the book, her highs and her lows, finding love and happiness, only for it to be torn away from her and handed back to her in the not too distant future! Bathsheba begins the book in a cold hearted way, first refusing to marry Gabriel Oak and then playing with the feelings of farmer Boldwood, this coming back to haunt her further in the book. She reluctantly sent Boldwood a Valentines card aided by her maid Liddy’s persuasion, declaring her love for him, and seemingly to her surprise, poor Boldwood takes it very seriously resulting in a cat and mouse game of love. In chapter 24 at the fir plantation, Bathsheba was heading home when she bumped into a dark stranger and became tangled up in his boots. She tried to wriggle free but to no avail. After a lot of fiddling by the stranger, he freed Bathsheba and rose face to face. Bathsheba asked him â€Å"Who are you then, who can so well afford to despise opinion? † The stranger replied â€Å"No stranger. Sergeant Troy†. Bathsheba was evidently spooked by Troy; little knowing he’d be her future husband. Bathsheba met up with Troy on several occasions and subsequently fell in love with him. They agreed to marry whilst on a visit to Bath and returned to Casterbrige to Boldwood’s and Oak’s despair as Mr. and Mrs. Troy. When Boldwood discovered the news, he was erratic in his actions. He offered to buy Bathsheba from Troy and eventually after torment from Troy, he murdered him in front of the whole of the village at a Christmas party. He then proceeded to kill himself with the same gun and in the same spot where Troy died. Bathsheba was deeply upset about the death of her husband despite the fact he declared he did not return her feelings after the death of his previous fianci , Fanny Robbin. Eventually our widow married Farmer Oak whom she clearly was in love with from the first time they met. Bathsheba’s toying with Oak, Troy and especially Boldwood could be seen as a reason for her not to find happiness in the book, but despite her unkind joke with Boldwood, Bathsheba didn’t set out to hurt anyone and was caught up in a battle for her love between these men. After the death of Fanny Robbin, it was evident that Troy was still in love with this woman, despite her failing to show for their wedding. He blamed all his misfortune on his wife, Bathsheba and he bullied her into feeling that she was to blame. The death of Troy was a blessing in disguise as she would have been sad for all her days and would not have ended up married to Oak. All in all, I feel that Bathsheba deserved to be happy, as she was an honest, hard working woman who was independent and capable. I think she was genuinely sorry for the Valentines card to Boldwood. She finally does find happiness in Oak and realises his companionship and true love is what she has wanted all her life. I think Gabriel Oak certainly was the right man for her as, like his name suggests, he was angelic, solid and dependable. This was evident when he stays by her, and by his actions on the night of the storm when he and Bathsheba worked together to cover the crops. It is evident they are in love when they cast eyes upon each other and fail to remove them for a few seconds, showing mutual unspoken understanding and purpose.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a key component of the civil rights movement that seeks to enforce the Constitutions guarantee of every Americans right to vote under the 15th Amendment. The Voting Rights Act was designed to end discrimination against black Americans, particularly those in the South after the Civil War. Text of the Voting Rights Act An important provision of the Voting Rights Act reads: No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color. The provision reflected the 15th Amendment of the Constitution, which reads: The right of U.S. citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. History of the Voting Rights Act President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law on August 6, 1965. The law made it illegal for Congress and state governments to pass voting laws based on race and has been described as the most effective civil rights law ever enacted. Among other provisions, the act prohibited discrimination through the use of poll taxes and the application of literacy tests to determine whether voters could take part in elections. It is widely regarded as enabling the enfranchisement of millions of minority voters and diversifying the electorate and legislative bodies at all levels of American government, according to The Leadership Conference, which advocates for civil rights. Legal Battles The U.S. Supreme Court has issued several major rulings on the Voting Rights Act. The first was in 1966. The court initially upheld the constitutionality of the law. Congress had found that case-by-case litigation was inadequate to combat wide-spread and persistent discrimination in voting, because of the inordinate amount of time and energy required to overcome the obstructionist tactics invariably encountered in these lawsuits. After enduring nearly a century of systematic resistance to the Fifteenth Amendment, Congress might well decide to shift the advantage of time and inertia from the perpetrators of the evil to its victims. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court threw out a provision of the Voting Rights Act that required nine states to get federal approval from the Department of Justice or a federal court in Washington, D.C., before making any changes to their election laws. That preclearance provision was originally set to expire in 1970 but was extended numerous times by Congress. The decision was 5-4. Voting to invalidate that provision in the act were Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia, Anthony M. Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel A. Alito Jr. Voting in favor of keeping the law intact were Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen G. Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan. Roberts, writing for the majority, said that portion of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was outdated and that the conditions that originally justified these measures no longer characterize voting in the covered jurisdictions. Our country has changed. While any racial discrimination in voting is too much, Congress must ensure that the legislation it passes to remedy that problem speaks to current conditions. In the 2013 decision, Roberts cited data that showed turnout among black voters had grown to exceed that of white voters in most of the states originally covered by the Voting Rights Act. His comments suggest that discrimination against blacks had diminished greatly since the 1950s and 1960s. States Impacted The provision struck down by the 2013 ruling covered nine states, most of them in the South. Those states are: AlabamaAlaskaArizonaGeorgiaLouisianaMississippiSouth CarolinaTexasVirginia End of the Voting Rights Act The Supreme Courts 2013 ruling was decried by critics who said it gutted the law. President Barack Obama was sharply critical of the decision. I am deeply disappointed with the Supreme Court’s decision today. For nearly 50 years, the Voting Rights Act – enacted and repeatedly renewed by wide bipartisan majorities in Congress – has helped secure the right to vote for millions of Americans. Today’s decision invalidating one of its core provisions upsets decades of well-established practices that help make sure voting is fair, especially in places where voting discrimination has been historically prevalent. The ruling was praised, however, in states that had been overseen by the federal government. In South Caroline, Attorney General Alan Wilson described the law as an extraordinary intrusion into state sovereignty in certain states. This is a victory for all voters as all states can now act equally without some having to ask for permission or being required to jump through the extraordinary hoops demanded by federal bureaucracy. Congress was expected to take up revisions of the invalidated section of the law in the summer of 2013.